investment is to insurance like ice is to iguana, they both start with the same letter. Insurance is the transference of a monetary risk to another entity for a fee, called a premium. That being said, yes there are health insurance (and other types) that offer a premium refund mechanism, however they usually cost more so are a bad purchase (thought the MSA is a very good program). If you really want to be educated on what exactly insurance is and how it functions (and why you should therefore never purchase and extended warranty) we can have that conversation, though this really isn't the thread for it. Frankly we would need to begin by throwing out everything you think you know.
All hail the great nanny state...
How is the payout capped? Like, when people hit 95 they say, "sorry, that is all the money you contributed; no more benefits for you." No, people who live to 120 keep getting benefits each month of every year, however much they paid. Since US life expectancy is 13 years higher than when SS was created it is not only reasonable but wise to proportionally increase the witholding limit. Again, there is more money in the trust fund now than six months ago, because most people have not yet hit this years witholding limit, and no one has been stupid enough to say, "hey, SS is going broke; why not declare yet another witholding 'holiday' and pretend the people enjoying it will not have to pay for it when they are 70?" Just removing the witholding limit would fund the supposed "unsustainable Ponzi scheme" indefinitely.
Monthly payout is capped, just like annual contribution is. No, removing the annual cap would not make SS permanently solvent. SS risks insolvency because the number of workers contributing, versus the number of individual receiving benefits has fallen below 2:1 (it started at 7:1). This is the inescapable problem that all Ponzi's collapse into.